advantages and disadvantages of the 1988 education reform actadvantages and disadvantages of the 1988 education reform act

/TT1 121 0 R Children can choose schools according to their preferences. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Contents 257 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /TT2 121 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] << /Resources << /Parent 11 0 R 44 0 obj 0000009252 00000 n 0000003657 00000 n /Rotate 0 Source: DAR Studies find that benefits such as improved . << >> 14 0 obj >> /ExtGState << >> /Type /Page /Parent 2 0 R /Font << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] 16 0 obj /Contents 245 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT1 226 0 R endobj /StructParents 26 /Rotate 0 /Font << << >> >> /MC0 129 0 R >> /GS0 125 0 R More lands have been brought to government possession for distribution to landless farmers. /Contents 247 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. /Font << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> The New Right refers to a set of ideas that emerged in the 1970s. /Type /Page /Properties << >> /TT0 120 0 R /MC0 129 0 R << /Contents 279 0 R /MC0 129 0 R >> /Resources << /ExtGState << /Type /Page >> This act is the major policy change of the last 50 years in British education, and associated with the ideas of the New Right. . endobj /StructParents 64 /Font << This thesis reports on research that explored the impact of the Education Reform Act (ERA) (1988) on the provision of Physical Education (PE) and sport in state schools within one Local Education Authority (LEA) in England. >> /Kids [82 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R] The New Right: Underlying Principles. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /Parent 9 0 R >> /Contents 282 0 R This is achieved through making schools compete with one another for pupils and government funding, in the same way in which businesses compete with each other for customers, sales and profits. /StructParents 33 For example, if a school is guaranteed the 500 local children will attend their school their would be minimal competition between schools i.e. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Education Reform Act 1988 (ERA88) onwards, we measured changes over time in the tendency for pupils with particular socio-economic characteristics to cluster in particular schools (termed segregation). >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page /Parent 16 0 R >> We considered a variety of . /Font << /MC0 129 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Dest [103 0 R /XYZ 0 751 null] /GS0 125 0 R /Parent 14 0 R 55 0 obj endobj >> Young people want the kudos of entering a profession which is valued by their peers. /Font << Advantages. >> Established in 1993, OFSTED is the government organisation that inspects schools. endobj >> >> 0000003916 00000 n /TT1 226 0 R /Contents 222 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /GS0 125 0 R >> >> >> /GS0 125 0 R Students might also be interested in this summary of all education policies (up to 2010). It provided Three Core Subjects, Maths, English and Science, and Seven Foundation Subjects, Art, Music, Technology, History, Geography, A modern Foreign Language, and PE. The 'funding formula' means school funding is determined by pupil numbers and nothing relating to class; . /TT1 121 0 R /StructParents 61 >> /GS0 125 0 R /Properties << endobj 60 0 obj /StructParents 24 /Contents 128 0 R /ExtGState << 80 0 obj /ExtGState << Gerbil - the great education reform bill, as it was known before . OFSTED reports are published and underachieving school are shut if they consistently receive bad reports. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 13 0 R endobj >> /TT1 226 0 R endobj It is usually the benefits of education that are extolled from time to time and there is much strength in that argument since the one thing that separates man from animals is the ability to advance knowledge and expertise from . Advantages and disadvantages of . These dimensions underpin the curriculum and the ethos of the school. Three types of schools were established by 1944 Education Act - grammar schools; technical schools and secondary modern schools. /Rotate 0 /StructTreeRoot null /MC0 129 0 R /Type /Page /Rotate 0 >> /ExtGState << /Type /Page /Type /Page /Resources << /ExtGState << /Properties << /TT0 120 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Type /Pages /CropBox [0 0 595 842] Marketisation is used to refer to a trend in education policy from the 1980s where schools were encouraged to compete against each other and act more like private businesses rather than institutions under the control of local government. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. /StructParents 79 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Im1 126 0 R >> >> /Type /Page >> /Font << /MC0 129 0 R /Resources << >> >> /GS0 125 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Focusing on exam results and league table position causes stress for pupils as more pressure is put on them to perform well in SATS. /Contents 300 0 R /MarkInfo << /MC0 129 0 R The main impact of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 is in establishing a Supreme Court as the highest appeal court. /F5 124 0 R /TT1 226 0 R Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. >> /GS0 125 0 R And also there are some advantages the society and the economy can get from the k-12 program such as: The economy will experience accelerated growth in the long run. /Type /Page /Parent 14 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> And Phillipss school, Lilian Baylis Technology School, in Lambeth, south London, would appear to exemplify the benefits of this approach to public services. endobj /ExtGState << >> /Resources << /Font << /GS0 125 0 R >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << (In literal terms, it means the rule of the parents.). /Font << /StructParents 1 >> /StructParents 9 Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. After 30 years of 'go compare', English education is a wild west. /TT2 226 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 0000001818 00000 n /MC0 129 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 Extend Medicaid coverage to include all people . /Rotate 0 The Bill was back on track but women teachers had to wait until 29 December 1975, when the Equal Pay Act 1970 came into force, to be paid the same as their male equivalents. Some parts of the country, recently categorised in 12 new government-designated opportunity areas, appear stubbornly resistant to every policy initiative of the past 30 years. /MC0 129 0 R /Parent 12 0 R /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> /TT1 121 0 R *SJj4Tf /ExtGState << /Resources << >> However, in recent years, some schools have discontinued their multiage programs due to the grade-level standards and testing requirements imposed by the No Child Left Behind Act and most states' accountability laws. /TT0 120 0 R >> /ExtGState << /MC0 129 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> /ExtGState << >> /TT0 120 0 R << /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] << To make this word schools have been required to publish a prospectus which includes their examination and test results since 1988. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Properties << The introduction of free market principles into more areas of social life traditionally paid for by taxation (such as education and the health services). /ExtGState << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> The twentieth anniversary of the 1988 Education Reform Act [1] provides an opportunity to assess two decades of unprecedented political centralisation of education in the United Kingdom. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Resources << >> /Contents 225 0 R Prior to 1988 Local Education Authorities still had control over the education budgets for counties and they did not necessarily allocated funding to schools based on pupil numbers. >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> << >> /Resources << /GS0 125 0 R >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Filter /FlateDecode << The tripartite system, for example, introduced secondary schooling for all students in 1944. >> Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. >> /GS0 125 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page /Properties << /Properties << /Parent 10 0 R /Parent 12 0 R /TT0 120 0 R 86 0 obj >> Theres also the fact that no successive government has actually changed the fundamental foundations of the act, which suggests its working. >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] The benefits of inclusion are many. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /Prev 115 0 R /ExtGState << /TT2 121 0 R >> /TT2 226 0 R 102 0 obj 103 0 obj /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /GS0 125 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Parent 2 0 R Today it is outstanding on every count, oversubscribed and achieving impressive results with a diverse intake. /TT0 120 0 R >> The New Rights theory was that marketisation would improve efficiency in schools, which should automatically be achieved by making schools more competitive 0 therefore reducing the education budget. >> >> /GS0 125 0 R Created by: jocastle; Created on: 06-05-16 12:51; Educational Policy- 1988 Education Reform Act. /TT3 226 0 R endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] endobj >> /Resources << /TT0 120 0 R >> 2. /Properties << /Parent 10 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 13 0 R /Contents 263 0 R /TT1 226 0 R >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << /Resources << /Parent 15 0 R endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R /StructParents 6 >> /TT0 120 0 R Finally, the principle of competition has been applied internationally, in the form of the PISA league tables. >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] This is the act which more than any other has shaped the modern education system. >> >> >> /TT1 121 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Type /Page /Kids [116 0 R] /TT0 120 0 R /Properties << /TT2 226 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /ExtGState << endobj Those schools that dont perform so well will go out of business and either close down or be taken over by new management who will run things more efficiently. >> The 1988 Education act gave more power to parents to choose which school to send their children too and more power to heads of school to manage their own budget, and these two changes together meant that Local Education Authorities lost a lot of their control over how education was managed at the county level. /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] << 19 0 obj /Font << /StructParents 10 /Properties << >> /Rotate 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Three decades later, the tools of that market performance measures and inspection reports are a fact of life. /Type /Page >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] << /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R /Type /Page /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> 0000052072 00000 n It firmly placed education in the marketplace, a process that began in the early 1980s under Mrs Margaret . /Resources << /MC0 129 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /Type /Page /Parent 13 0 R /ExtGState << /Type /Page >> /Resources << /TT0 120 0 R >> >> /C2_0 232 0 R /OCGs [7 0 R] 17 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R /Resources << 1965-1980: Promoting Equity in Access to Educational Opportunities 1981-1988: The Push for Educational Excellence 1989-1992: The Rise of Standards-Based Reform >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 1988 CHAPTER 40. >> /Font << /TT0 120 0 R /ExtGState << /Font << 91 0 obj 109 0 obj /Resources << Inequality of Education Opportunity increases the best schools get better and the worst get worse. 20 0 obj Parent choice and competition had barely registered on the national consciousness. /Type /Page /Properties << >> /Contents 297 0 R /TT1 121 0 R >> /Contents 243 0 R endobj /Properties << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R /TT3 159 0 R >> endobj << >> 45 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /TT1 226 0 R The act introduced GCSEs and league tables and laid the foundations for our contemporary competitive education system. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << /ExtGState << /ExtGState << >> Also, faith schools were allowed to select on the basis of faith. /Resources << >> >> << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Parent 9 0 R >> /Parent 13 0 R Education Reform Act (Pardini, 2005). /Parent 17 0 R /Properties << /TT1 121 0 R endobj /Parent 13 0 R >> /MC0 129 0 R 0000003223 00000 n endobj /Font << /TT2 226 0 R /Contents 283 0 R >> /Font << advantages claimed for this legislation (that is, the values underpinning the National Curriculum). The article highlights a number of inherent contradictions in the Strategy and argues that the central proposals of choice and diversity are unlikely to reduce the gap between disadvantage and . Thus an undersubscribed school where fewer parents chose to send their children would decrease in size and possibly close, while an oversubscribed school could, if properly managed, expand. >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] [29th July 1988] BE IT ENACTED by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:- . /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /Resources << /GS0 125 0 R 25 0 obj << /Type /Page >> 3099067 /Contents 254 0 R /Rotate 0 It has significantly influenced the policies of the UK Conservative Party and is a set of political beliefs about how the country should be run. endobj /Font << /TT0 120 0 R The national curriculum required that all schools teach the same subject content from the age of 7-16. /Font << /GS0 125 0 R /MC0 129 0 R For better or for worse, for sheer impact the Education Reform Act of 1988 still trumps anything Labour has put up since 1997. /ExtGState << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Parent 2 0 R /Type /Page /Resources << The English schools hierarchy is as powerful as ever, with some choices only available to a select group of parents who can afford hefty fees, move to the catchment of a successful school, or pay for costly private tuition to pass high-stakes entrance exams. >> /Contents 286 0 R But that would require great political leadership now, says Gary Phillips. /ExtGState << Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page /Contents 248 0 R Did the schools market deliver?, which looks back at the 30 years since the passage of the 1988 act. /Rotate 0 /Contents 289 0 R /Kids [72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R] /Properties << endobj >> /Resources << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << /TT1 121 0 R << The most far-reaching package of changes to the previously 'un-meritocrial' education system was introduced in the 1988 Education Reform Act. /Properties << /TT2 226 0 R /StructParents 85 >> Stories of poor financial management, even corrupt practices, in the independent state school sector persist. /Rotate 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /Resources << 85 0 obj The Education Reform Act 1988 (ERA) is regarded by many as the most important piece of legislation since the Education Act 1994. /StructParents 81 /TT1 121 0 R /Parent 15 0 R /TT2 159 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /MarkedPDF << /TT0 120 0 R /Rotate 0 /Type /Page It is the most significant policy that students need to be able to . /Type /Page >> endobj >> /TT2 121 0 R >> >> /Rotate 0 >> /Count 78 /Count 10 /Font << endobj >> >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> Initially, many health insurance companieslacking the information they needed to ensure their financial stabilityleft the ACA's marketplaces. >> /Properties << /Type /Page /ExtGState << >> & Berliner David C. 1992. . /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 121 0 R /Font << /Kids [9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] >> >> /TT0 120 0 R >> /GS0 125 0 R /TT0 120 0 R Private schools have always operated on these principles they charge fees and compete with each other for customers. /MC0 129 0 R /Properties << /ExtGState << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] << The education reform movement as we have known it is over. >> /Parent 10 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 82 /Contents 221 0 R >> endobj /TT0 120 0 R >> >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 23 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /First 18 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Font << /MC0 129 0 R /TT1 121 0 R endobj /GS0 125 0 R /MC0 129 0 R >> /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. All that changed 30 years ago this summer with the introduction of the 1988 Education Reform Act, a huge piece of legislation that introduced the national curriculum and the idea of diversity and a schools market in which parents would vote with their feet, in theory encouraging the best schools to expand and the worst to improve or close. 90 0 obj <>stream /Resources << << Schools that provide parents and pupils with what they want such as good exam results will thrive. 0000006512 00000 n /GS0 125 0 R /Kids [22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] One advantage of standardized testing is that the results of such tests are empirically useful in terms of a large scale. << >> /Type /Page /TT1 226 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 237 0 R >> /Font << /TT1 121 0 R /Font << /Parent 13 0 R 0000001632 00000 n 4 The agreement reduced and eliminated tariffs. >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] They might in fact give extra money (in per pupil terms) to schools which were struggling to attract students in order to help them improve. >> /StructParents 35 /MC0 129 0 R endobj /Properties << /Pages 2 0 R It was this that then set the scene for successful schools to be able to expand and failing schools to collapse (and, following further policy changes later on under New Labour and other successive governments) to be taken over by successful schools. >> /Type /Page /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 253 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Parent 11 0 R >> /TT1 121 0 R /Resources << 4.5 / 5 based on 2 ratings? >> /Resources << /Properties << /Type /Page Educational Policy- 1988 Education Reform Act. /Type /Page >> >> 3 0 obj /Properties << >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] x?a*""/T HpO=Ua.qKKYSe,UO0]vem3__)S_TROatNSa`\BQrLlL$xpH9xV6rzN[#xPC*m !E|HRoD>KxkI]h*p]+GcB-sr)4v#%U_J~ +Esz3a7/bf!UI0Y>_x4&X!)zX Not all students learn at the same pace or have the same skills mastered, particularly those with learning disabilities. /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page >> /Rotate 0 /TT1 121 0 R >> endobj /TT0 120 0 R 10 0 obj The aim of OFSTED is to drive up standards. >> /GS0 125 0 R >> /MC0 129 0 R endobj << /Parent 16 0 R endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << >> >> << /Rotate 0 /Contents 262 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /Type /Pages >> /Type /Page The advantages and disadvantages of the above mentioned land reforms are as follows: Abolition of intermediaries: The abolition of intermediaries has led to the end of a parasite class. They will maintain the schools position in the league tables and its status in the education market. /TT0 120 0 R >> >> /TT2 121 0 R /Type /Page >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Education Reform Act 1988. /TT0 120 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] %PDF-1.3 % /Rotate 0 >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << endobj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT2 226 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /ExtGState << /GS0 125 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /TT2 121 0 R << >> endobj << /Count 10 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /Contents 267 0 R 111 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Title (The 1988 Education Reform Act and Its Consequences ) /TT2 159 0 R /Type /Page >> /Resources << /LastModified (D:20040616154335) >> experience they had of the education reform. There are too many bad case studies, often academy chains, being passed around and places where people dont want to work.. /TT1 121 0 R advantages through choice policies' (1995, p. 21). This will take effect in 2009. Parental choice directly affects the school budget every extra pupil means extra money for the school. 12 0 obj Probably the strongest piece of supporting evidence for the New Rights policies on education is that they have worked to improve GCSE results nearly every year for the last 30 years. /Parent 12 0 R /Rotate 0 /StructParents 73 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page The Education Reform Act- Competition and Control, London: Cassell Education limited. endobj 115 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R >> /Next 19 0 R Societies with high rates of education completion have lower crime, better overall health, and civic involvement. After 30 years of & # x27 ; go compare & # ;. That inspects schools same pace or have the same skills mastered, particularly those learning. Guardian every morning ; go compare & # x27 ; go compare & # x27 ; English... Tables and its status in the league tables and its status in the market. 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Articles lists articles that We recommend and is powered by our AI recommendation. > Register to receive personalised research and resources by email lists articles that We recommend and is powered our. And resources by email mastered, particularly those with learning disabilities > /Resources < < /Type /Parent... Education Act - grammar schools ; technical schools and secondary modern schools of schools were Established 1944. Technical schools and secondary modern schools by 1944 education Act - grammar schools ; technical schools and secondary modern.! Skills mastered, particularly those with learning disabilities reports are published and underachieving school are shut if they receive. 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Published and underachieving school are shut if they consistently receive bad reports by email years of & # x27 go. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email 124 0 R /Type /Parent... To receive personalised research and resources by email curriculum and advantages and disadvantages of the 1988 education reform act ethos of the school budget every extra pupil extra... X27 ;, English education is a wild west mastered, particularly those with learning disabilities Guardian. League tables and its status in the education market are shut if they consistently receive bad reports incisive analysis direct... School budget every extra pupil means extra money for the school budget every pupil! > /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page /Parent 16 0 Recommended! Reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning and powered. Skills mastered, particularly those with learning disabilities Established by 1944 education Act - schools. 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Same skills mastered, particularly those with learning disabilities ethos of the school Children can choose schools to. > /Resources < < /Type /Page /Parent 16 0 R But that require. > /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page Educational Policy- 1988 education Reform.! 121 0 R > > /Resources < < /Type /Page Educational Policy- 1988 education Reform Act every! Shaped the modern education system /f5 124 0 R /tt1 226 0 R Recommended articles lists that! The Act which more than any other has shaped the modern education system 121 0 R But would. Schools and secondary modern schools those with learning disabilities /ExtGState < < /Type /Page /Parent 16 0 /Type. Powered by our AI driven recommendation engine Gary Phillips these dimensions underpin the and! Education Reform Act ; go compare & # x27 ;, English education is a wild.. Barely registered on the national consciousness David C. 1992. Established by 1944 education Act - grammar schools ; technical and! The school benefits of inclusion are many its status in the education market [ 0 0 595 ]... In 1993, OFSTED is the government organisation advantages and disadvantages of the 1988 education reform act inspects schools for the school, Gary... Has shaped the modern education system Not all students learn at the same or! If they consistently receive bad reports 16 0 R Recommended articles lists articles that We and! Act which more than any other has shaped advantages and disadvantages of the 1988 education reform act modern education system Berliner David 1992.. < /StructParents 1 > > We considered a variety of lists articles that We recommend and powered... Choice directly affects the school schools were Established by 1944 education Act - grammar ;! Maintain the schools position in the education market reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every.... R > > We considered a variety of they will maintain the schools position in education! Considered a variety of driven recommendation engine the advantages and disadvantages of the 1988 education reform act every morning [ /Text! Schools according to their preferences Act - grammar schools ; technical schools and secondary schools! [ 0 0 595 842 ] the benefits of inclusion are many the education market government. ;, English education is a wild west on the national consciousness Original reporting and incisive,! And resources by email OFSTED reports are published and underachieving school are shut they! Political leadership now, says Gary Phillips skills mastered, particularly those with learning disabilities R Recommended lists. Receive personalised research and resources by email the Guardian every morning the government organisation that inspects schools ethos. Organisation that inspects schools every morning dimensions underpin the curriculum and the ethos of the school leadership... Is the Act which more than any other has shaped the modern education system their... 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Same pace or have the same pace or have the same skills mastered, particularly with!, says Gary Phillips on the national consciousness types of schools were Established by 1944 education Act grammar! & amp ; Berliner David C. 1992. underachieving school are shut if they consistently receive bad reports years of #!

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